FH-T2DM | eGDMD

By admin , 16 September 2025

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Literature evidence

Literature link	GPT Summary	Evidence category	Disease type

9315766	Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 3-5% of pregnancies. A study within the Nurses' Health Study II found that GDM risk increases with maternal age, family history of diabetes, and higher pre-pregnancy BMI. Women with a BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m2 had a 2.13 times greater risk, and those with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 had a 2.90 times greater risk compared to women with a BMI <20 kg/m2. Additional risks included weight gain, nonwhite ethnicity, and smoking before pregnancy, while vigorous pre-pregnancy exercise suggested a trend towards reduced risk	Risk factor	GDM
20876721	This study aimed to explore predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by integrating both simple maternal measures and novel biomarkers to determine how effectively GDM can be predicted in the first trimester. The research involved 124 women who developed GDM and 248 control subjects, with data collected on factors such as age, BMI, parity, race, smoking, prior GDM, family history of diabetes, and blood pressure. Blood samples were analyzed for both routine (lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and γ-glutamyltransferase) and novel biomarkers (adiponectin, E-selectin, and tissue plasminogen activator [t-PA]). Stepwise regression identified elevated t-PA and low HDL cholesterol as independent predictors of GDM beyond basic maternal factors. Incorporating these biomarkers improved the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) from 0.824 to 0.861 and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) by 0.052, suggesting that GDM prediction can be enhanced by including specific blood measures like lipids and t-PA alongside simple clinical data.	Risk factor	GDM
32757408	This study highlights that first-trimester prognostic models for GDM, which include BMI ≥30 kg/m2 as a critical risk factor, outperform the single risk factor approach. The inclusion of BMI significantly enhances model accuracy, with c-statistics improving from 0.74-0.78 to 0.78-0.80 upon adding glucose measurements, compared to 0.72 for the single risk factor method 19. BMI's role is underscored as a vital component in these models for effective GDM screening	Risk factor	GDM
27576867	In this external validation, prognostic models for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) that included maternal body mass index (BMI) demonstrated superior discrimination, with C statistics up to 0.78. BMI was a key predictor in the top four models, which also comprised factors like maternal age and history of GDM. These models showed good calibration and positive net benefit, underlining BMI's critical role in effectively predicting GDM risk during early pregnancy	Risk factor	GDM
11978679	This study highlights the critical role of maternal age in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT). Through a prospective case-control design involving 85 women with GDM, 63 with GIGT, and 125 controls, it was found that age is an independent risk factor for both conditions. Specifically, women diagnosed with GDM and GIGT had significantly higher mean ages compared to those with normal glucose tolerance. The analysis revealed that as maternal age increases, so does the likelihood of developing GDM or GIGT, even after adjusting for other variables such as pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), weight gain during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, irregular menses, history of spontaneous abortion, educational level, and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). While these additional factors contribute to the overall risk profile, age stands out as a pivotal element demanding special attention. Consequently, this underscores the necessity for closer monitoring and early intervention strategies specifically tailored for older pregnant women to mitigate the risks associated with GDM and GIGT.	Risk factor	GDM