| GO web | GO term | GO Term Cat. |
|---|---|---|
| GO:0005504 | fatty acid binding | MF |
| Literature link | GPT Summary | Evidence category | Disease type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21738950 | Calprotectin, a novel marker of obesity, has recently gained attention for its potential role in insulin resistance and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the circulating levels and tissue expression of calprotectin subunits (S100A8 and S100A9) in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and investigate their impact on obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation, as well as the effects of weight loss. The study included 53 subjects, and gene expression levels of the S100A8/A9 complex were analyzed in VAT, adipocytes, and stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFCs). Circulating levels of calprotectin and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) were measured before and after weight loss through Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (n = 26). The results showed that circulating calprotectin levels and VAT expression of the S100A8/A9 complex were significantly higher in both normoglycemic and type 2 diabetic obese patients, with a strong correlation to inflammatory markers. In contrast, sRAGE levels were significantly lower in obese groups compared to lean controls. Following RYGB, calprotectin levels decreased significantly, while sRAGE levels showed a trend toward increase. Expression of calprotectin was primarily found in SVFCs, with significant correlation to the mRNA levels of monocyte-macrophage-related molecules, including CD68, MCP1, CD11B, and NOX2. Furthermore, TNF-α treatment increased S100A8 expression in human visceral adipocytes. The elevated levels of calprotectin in obesity and type 2 diabetes, along with its association with inflammation and higher expression in SVFCs, suggest that calprotectin may act as a chemotactic factor, contributing to macrophage recruitment in VAT and exacerbating inflammation, which may drive obesity-associated comorbidities. |
Mechanism |
Obesity |
| 31363816 | Obesity is a widespread condition closely linked to various comorbidities, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Adipose tissue in obese individuals exhibits hypertrophic adipocytes, adipocyte hyperplasia, and chronic low-grade inflammation. S100 proteins, a group of Ca2+-binding proteins expressed specifically in various cell types, have been implicated in regulating multiple cellular functions. These proteins act as intracellular Ca2+ sensors and transduce signals from extracellular factors through interaction with a range of membrane receptors. Notably, S100A4, the S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer, and S100B have been associated with macrophage-driven inflammation in obesity, mediated through toll-like receptor 4 and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) signaling. Elevated levels of S100A4, S100A8/S100A9, S100A12, and S100B in serum correlate with insulin resistance, metabolic risk, and adipocyte size. Interestingly, secreted S100B also appears to have neurotrophic effects on sympathetic fibers in brown adipose tissue, contributing to enhanced sympathetic innervation compared to white adipose tissue. This review provides an overview of S100 proteins and critically explores their roles in the pathophysiology of obesity. | Mechanism | Obesity |
| 33045922 | The study explores the potential of cell-free DNA and RNA from maternal plasma as biomarkers for predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and other placental disorders. By applying a new deconvolution method, researchers identified changes in placenta-specific DNA and differentially expressed genes in early pregnancy that correlate with APOs. They developed a predictive classifier showing high accuracy for APOs and moderate accuracy specifically for gestational diabetes. | Risk factor | GDM |
| KEGG pathway |
|---|
| IL-17 signaling pathway |
RF's name
S100A8
RF's type
mRNA