Hb

This study found that higher hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations at the first prenatal visit (<12 weeks) and Hb changes from the first visit to the second trimester were significantly associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Women with GDM had higher Hb levels (11.91 g/dL vs. 11.74 g/dL), with adjusted odds ratios of 1.14 and 1.25 for early Hb levels and second-trimester Hb changes, respectively. The associations were more pronounced in women aged 35 years or older, non-Malays, and those who were overweight or obese. These findings suggest that elevated Hb levels and iron status in early pregnancy may be risk factors for GDM, particularly in certain high-risk groups.