IGF-1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a key peptide growth factor involved in growth, development, and metabolism, primarily exerting its effects through the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), a transmembrane protein structurally related to the insulin receptor (InsR). IGF1 signaling is tightly regulated by IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which modulate its bioavailability in circulation. Mechanistically, IGF1R activation triggers the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways, promoting cell proliferation and survival. Recent findings indicate that IGF1R can translocate to the nucleus, where it functions as a transcriptional activator, with potential interactions with MAPK signaling. This emerging paradigm expands the role of IGF1R beyond classical signaling, highlighting its importance in oncogenesis. Given its widespread expression in cancer and its potent anti-apoptotic functions, IGF1R represents a promising molecular target for cancer therapy.