GPNMB

This study investigated the role of glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) as a biomarker for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Serum GPNMB levels were measured using ELISA in GDM and normoglycemic pregnant women across different gestational stages. GPNMB levels were significantly higher in the GDM group at 5–12, 13–23, and 24–28 weeks, but not at 29–37 weeks of gestation. Overall, GPNMB levels in the GDM group were markedly elevated compared to the control group and showed positive correlations with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.562) and HbA1c (r = 0.652, both p < 0.0001). ROC curve analysis revealed that GPNMB levels at 13–23 weeks were effective in predicting GDM after 24 weeks, with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 72% at a cutoff value of 2.46 μg/L. These findings suggest that elevated GPNMB levels during early-to-mid pregnancy are an independent risk factor for GDM and may serve as a target for early intervention to prevent the progression of GDM.