| Literature link | GPT Summary | Evidence category | Disease type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29889229 | This study explored the association between free T3 (fT3), the fT3/fT4 ratio, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a case-control analysis of 107 GDM cases and 214 controls within a diverse pregnancy cohort. Thyroid markers were assessed across pregnancy, including the first (10–14 weeks) and second (15–26 weeks) trimesters. Results showed that both higher fT3 levels and the fT3/fT4 ratio were significantly associated with an increased GDM risk. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) comparing the highest to the lowest quartiles for fT3 were 4.25 (95% CI 1.67, 10.80) in the first trimester and 3.89 (95% CI 1.50, 10.10) in the second trimester. For the fT3/fT4 ratio, the corresponding ORs were 8.63 (95% CI 2.87, 26.00) and 13.60 (95% CI 3.97, 46.30). No significant associations were found for TSH or fT4. These findings suggest that elevated fT3 levels and the fT3/fT4 ratio early in pregnancy may serve as indicators of increased GDM risk, possibly due to enhanced fT4 to fT3 conversion or increased de novo synthesis. |
Risk factor |
GDM |
| 34453541 | This study investigated the relationship between thyroid markers in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, with a focus on potential mediation through lipid species. Among 6068 pregnant women, higher free thyroxine (fT4) levels were associated with a reduced risk of GDM (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.54–0.98, Ptrend = 0.043), while a higher fT3/fT4 ratio was linked to an increased GDM risk (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.06–1.93, Ptrend = 0.010). Lipidomic analysis in a subset of participants revealed that the fT3/fT4 ratio was positively associated with specific lipid species, including alkylphosphatidylcholine 36:1 and phosphatidylcholine 40:7. Mediation analysis showed that 67.9% of the relationship between the fT3/fT4 ratio and GDM was mediated through these lipids. These findings suggest that lower fT4 levels and higher fT3/fT4 ratios in early pregnancy are significant risk factors for GDM, with lipid metabolism playing a key mediating role. |
Risk factor |
GDM |
| 33486811 | This study explored the relationship between thyroid markers and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as well as postpartum glucose metabolism. Data from 1,467 pregnant women revealed that higher free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels in the first trimester, and lower free thyroxine (FT4) levels in the second trimester, were associated with increased GDM risk. Additionally, elevated TPOAb and TgAb levels were predictive of abnormal postpartum glucose tolerance in GDM patients. These findings suggest that thyroid dysfunction and antibody presence during pregnancy are significant risk factors for GDM and postpartum glucose abnormalities, highlighting their potential value in early risk assessment and monitoring. | Risk factor | GDM |
| 39345886 | This study investigated the relationship between first-trimester thyroid hormone indices, pre-pregnancy BMI, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk in 5895 pregnant women. Low FT4, high FT3-to-FT4 ratio, and low TFQI were associated with increased GDM risk. Thyroid biomarkers also mediated 24.9% of the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on GDM risk, suggesting that thyroid function influences glucose metabolism and contributes to GDM development. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring thyroid function and BMI in early pregnancy to identify women at higher risk for GDM and guide early intervention strategies. | Risk factor | GDM |
| KEGG pathway |
|---|
| Thyroid hormone signaling pathway |
RF's name
Free Triiodothyronine
RF's type
Thyroid function indicator